惯例:每天写日记

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发布于12/14/2020 - 5分钟阅读

History has been denied an accurate 和 complete record of the Pennsylvania ratifying convention. 官方记录参差不齐且有选择性, 只报道赞成批准的发言, limited almost exclusively to the numerous 和 exhaustive presentations by James Wilson.  Speeches by the opposition 和 even some procedural issues were reported in local newspapers 和 broadsides, 以及代表Jasper Yeates的日记, 安东尼•韦恩, 和詹姆斯·威尔逊.

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发布于12/7/2020 - 5分钟阅读

James Wilson’s opening speech to the Pennsylvania ratification convention was more than the opening defense of the work of the Constitutional Convention; it was an appeal to something greater. “Governments, in general,” he noted, “have been the result of force, of fraud, accident.“有史以来第一次, 这是美国向世界展示的第一例, 据我们所知, 一个国家自愿聚集在一起, 考虑充分, 冷静地做决定, concerning that system of government under which they would wish that they 和 their posterity should live.”

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发布于2020年11月30日-阅读4分钟

As 卡托, 凯撒, 布鲁特斯 和 部百流 他们在纽约的报纸上就宪法问题展开了激烈的辩论, partisans in Pennsylvania were relentless in their own efforts to influence public opinion before the formal ratification debate would get under way at their state ratification convention.

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发布于2020年11月23日-阅读4分钟

As the “battle of the pens” over ratification of the Constitution accelerated in newspapers in Philadelphia, 纽约, 和其他地方, Alex和er Hamilton devised an ambitious project to present a methodical explication of the entire Constitution.  Although Hamilton harbored his own reservations about some provisions of the Constitution, his greater fear was the likelihood of a “dismemberment of the Union 和 monarchies in different portions of it” if it were rejected.

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发布于2020年11月16日- 5分钟阅读

On September 26, a letter addressed “to the citizens of the State of 纽约” appeared in the 《菲律宾十大网赌网站》. 它的作者，认为自己是 卡托 (后来被认为是纽约州州长), 乔治·克林顿), declared his intent to avoid “directly engaging as an advocate for this new form of national government, 或者作为对手.” He reminded his readers that they had “established an original compact” between themselves 和 their governors, 这是迄今为止在世界政府的形成中所未知的事实.“现在，有人提议改变这一协议. “这种改变就在你面前，供你考虑.“但, 他警告说, “deliberate on this new national government with coolness; analyze it with criticism; 和 reflect on it with c和or.”

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发布于11/9/2020 - 5分钟阅读

10月6日, James Wilson delivered his “speech in the statehouse yard” to “a very great concourse of people,解释和捍卫拟议的宪法. 立即印刷并在各殖民地分发, 这是一次令人印象深刻的博览会, 被联邦党人广泛用于证明他们的观点.  It also provoked opponents of the Constitution to wield their pens under a variety of pseudonyms, 包括 布鲁特斯, 卡托, 联邦农民.

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发布于11/2/2020 - 4分钟阅读

9月29日是全国人大年度会议的最后一天, the Pennsylvania Assembly voted for a state ratifying convention to be held in Philadelphia on November 20. 代表将在11月6日的特别选举中由人民选出. 与此同时, 亲宪法的议会成员, 很快被称为联邦党人, increased their majority in the Assembly in the annual legislative election in early October. 和反立宪主义者一起, 所谓的反, 两次失败, the next opportunity to assess the mood of the people of Pennsylvania will be November 6 when the people will elect delegates to the ratifying convention.  Both sides are already waging all-out campaigns to elect delegates sympathetic to their cause.

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发布于2020年10月26日-阅读4分钟

9月29日, 宾夕法尼亚州议会年度会议的最后一天, a motion was approved to set the first Tuesday in November for the election of delegates to a State convention to consider ratification of the proposed federal Constitution, but only after two opponents of the measure were physically dragged to the Assembly meeting room to assure a quorum. Their vehement opposition to the Constitution was exceeded only by the process used to bring it forward so soon after the Constitutional Convention had adjourned.

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发布于2020年10月19日-阅读4分钟

It has been only two days since the Pennsylvania legislature received official notice that Congress had voted the day before to forward to the States for their ratification the proposed Constitution of the United States. 费城已经发生了激烈的反应. Two members of the General Assembly who deliberately absented themselves from the Assembly to assure lack of a quorum were forcibly brought to the Assembly hall against their will.  Objections to the new Constitution have been circulating since the Constitutional Convention formally approved sending it to Congress on September 17 和 opposition is spreading.

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发布于2020年10月12日-阅读4分钟

Yesterday, the 宾夕法尼亚州议会’s afternoon session adjourned due to lack of a quorum.  After the morning session 和 a brief recess, only forty-four members returned to the State House. The required quorum is forty-six, two-thirds of the Assembly’s sixty-eight members.  没有法定人数, 大会不能处理事务, 包括 deciding whether to call a convention for Pennsylvania to consider ratification of the newly proposed national Constitution.

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